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May 1964, Vol 113, No. 5 >
ARTICLE | May 1964

Skeletal Abnormalities in Gonadal Dysgenesis

JOSEPH LEVIN, MA; HERBERT S. KUPPERMAN, MD, PhD
Arch Intern Med. 1964;113(5):730-736. doi:10.1001/archinte.1964.00280110110021.
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Numerous congenital abnormalities have been described in patients with gonadal dysgenesis.1 Many of these relate to the skeletal system2: The frequency with which these are noted varies greatly, and none is pathognomonic of the condition. A review is presented of these abnormalities, and a description is given of other bone changes that have been noted by us.

The chin in many of these patients is underdeveloped so that in profile one sees an almost straight line running backward from the tip of the chin to the sternal notch. This appearance is due to a poorly developed mandible. The associated micrognathia may cause overcrowding and delay in the eruption of the teeth; in some of these patients malocclusion has been noted.1

Abnormalities in the thoracic cage were first emphasized by Lisser et al.3 They described

the "shield-shaped chest" with the widely spaced nipples reflecting the broad

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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