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December 1943, Vol 72, No. 6 >
ARTICLE | December 1943

CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS IN PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

J. BAILEY CARTER, M.D.; EUGENE F. TRAUT, M.D.
Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1943;72(6):757-766. doi:10.1001/archinte.1943.00210120051004.
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Profound circulatory changes occur in both primary and secondary anemia.

With a decrease in the hemoglobin content of the blood the output of the heart is increased.1 This is the outstanding compensatory mechanism for the loss of oxygen-carrying power of the blood. The cardiac rate is also increased in anemia.2 Although the cardiac acceleration is moderate, rarely more than 120 per minute, it results in a certain increase in cardiac output. This increase in minute volume output is due, likewise, in part, to lowering of the viscosity of the blood.1c Nevertheless, the increased cardiac output observed in anemia is due mainly to the increased systolic output of the heart. This increase in cardiac output is directly proportional to the decrease in hemoglobin content of the blood. A 200 per cent and a 300 per cent increase are reported to occur with hemoglobin levels of 30 per cent and

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